Biomechanics during ladder and stair climbing and walking on ramps and other irregular surfaces

During ladder use, upper extremity moment and hand forces are highest during the use of vertical ladders. Lower extremity moment and foot force are highest when using ladders slanted at 208. Foot slip potential, however, appears to be highest for vertical ladders. Peak back stresses also appear to be relatively high when climbing vertical ladders at a fast speed. Energy expended during ladder climbing is very high.