ABSTRACT
The next complex system under discussion is incompressible turbulent flows modeled by the Navier-Stokes equations. We consider a benchmark systema three-dimensional (3D) channel flow at Reynolds numbers that are both turbulent and laminar. A channel flow consists of a channel that is infinite in the x and z (streamwise and spanwise) directions and bounded in the y (normal) direction. The flow is driven by a pressure gradient in the streamwise direction. The Reynolds number, which represents the ratio between inertial forces and viscous forces, is the parameter of this system which governs the stability. At low Reynolds numbers the flow is stable, or laminar, and at high Reynolds numbers the system is unstable or turbulent.
