ABSTRACT
Lead levels in potable water are regulated by the USEPA’s Lead and Copper Rule and the European Union’s Drinking Water Directive. In 1997 the AWWA Research Foundation sponsored a team of international investigators to identify, test, and evaluate available and emerging techniques for the rehabilitation or replacement of small diameter pipes in the size range typically used for water service lines (<25mm). The project included a survey and case studies by utilities regarding their experience with specific techniques. The project focused on field trials that were conducted with manufacturers and participating utilities in North America and Europe. This paper discusses five technology categories that were identified by this study and factors affecting the use and performance of each. In addition, this paper summarizes guidelines and cost estimates that can be used by utilities for selecting lead pipe rehabilitation and replacement technologies for site-specific applications.
