ABSTRACT
Pathways via which chemically or ecologically selective pesticide usage tactics can be developed in cereals are reviewed. Current protocols for examination of pesticide side-effects on non-target invertebrates are considered in this context and the range of questions appropriate to commercial and research/advisory objectives discussed. An improved framework for the evaluation of pesticide side-effects is developed which emphasises the selection of key species, the integration of laboratory, semi-field and field methods and the measurement of insect exposure to pesticides. This framework meets two of the basic criteria required for insecticide testing by being quantitative and repeatable.
