ABSTRACT
The equivalent frame modelling (EFM) approach allows the assessment of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings with a trade-off between realistic damage simulation and computational efficiency. EFM is based on the use of macro-elements by which flexural and shear behavioural modes are simulated through nonlinear force-deformation relationships combined with axial load-shear interaction domains. In this study, a novel macro-element is presented for nonlinear static analysis of URM buildings. The macro-element relies upon force-based fibre modelling approach accounting for geometric and mechanical nonlinearities, the latter through nonlinear constitutive models for masonry in tension and compression. Shear-flexure interaction is taken into account and strain softening is considered according to a smeared crack approach. Numerical results are compared with experimental data, highlighting a good accuracy of the model and its capability of reproducing both shear and flexural behavioural modes under varying aspect ratio of the URM wall and axial load level.
