ABSTRACT
CPS has also further stratified academic programs. New academically selective magnet schools and programs, mainly located in largely white upper-income and/or gentrifying neighborhoods, have been established alongside general high schools with limited offerings of advanced courses and new vocational academies, basic skills transitional high schools, the first two public military high schools in the United States, and an expansion of scripted direct instruction (DI)1 in elementary schools-all attended primarily by African Americans and Latinos. (Not to be confused with direct teaching of specific skills and concepts, the DI schools are rooted in behaviorism and a deficit model of “economically disadvantaged” students.) There is also increased policing of youth through zero tolerance school discipline policies.
