ABSTRACT
Earlier chapters in this book have looked at the conditions within Britain and France which planning – in the widest sense of the word – must address. In this chapter we move forward to consider the instruments that are used in the two countries to articulate and provide for the implementation of spatial policy and the actors who are involved in making plans and policies and implementing them. Specifi cally, we shall be exploring the nature of the planning systems that have emerged in both countries at the beginning of the twenty-fi rst century as the result of major legislative reform, and be noting the reasons that lie behind the move to reform.
