ABSTRACT
Doping control testing has two distinct objectives: deterrence for the majority of athletes, and detection for the small minority of athletes who choose to cheat. Deterrence is achieved when the testing frequency, timing and menu are such that athletes choose not to use prohibited substances. Testing for deterrence must occur frequently enough to cause concern about being caught and at the same time reassure the athlete that none of their competitors can be using prohibited substances to achieve a competitive advantage. If athletes recognize either that a substance cannot be detected or that the collection process is predictable or can be manipulated, the choice not to use relies more heavily on moral reasoning and peer support for not using a prohibited substance. Given the financial and other rewards of modern sport, some would consider a process that relies on the latter premises to deter doping naïve.
