ABSTRACT
Apartheid required that urbanization was accompanied by the enforced segregation of people of different race. This necessitated a gigantic programme of spatial engineering in terms of which Blacks were allocated housing on the fringes of urban areas or in rural bantustans. In both instances regular, efficient and inexpensive public transport was imperative to ensure that the massive displacement of the workforce did not interrupt the smooth working of the economy. The extensive construction of commuter railways and roads, and the subsidization of commuter fares, were essential ingredients of this deliberately distorted form of urbanization.
