ABSTRACT
Examples of chimpanzee and pygmy chimpanzee behavior suggest self-recognition, advance planning, symbolic play, social deception, social manipulation, and symbolic communication. Accounts from captivity parallel similar behavior in the wild. We would assume that these observed behaviors indicated conscious purpose if shown by a human being. If we conclude that chimpanzees are conscious, we must then confront the ethics of our treatment of such animals in captivity and in the remaining wild.
