ABSTRACT
The market-oriented reform has signifi cantly changed China’s employment structure. In contrast to the dramatic decline of agricultural employment, employment in the industry and service sectors has sharply increased (see Table 18.1 ). Moreover, state sector employment has dropped from 60.4 per cent of total formal employment in 1978 to 14.5 per cent in 2010, whereas that in the private sector, including private-owned enterprises (POEs), foreigninvested enterprises (FIEs), and township and village enterprises (TVEs), has rapidly increased. Finally, employment in China has become increasingly informalized, as suggested by an urban undocumented employment rate of 32.8 per cent (one of the measurements of informal employment in China) in 2010.
