ABSTRACT
Educational assessment and evaluation can be targeted at many levels. It can be targeted at the achievements of individual students, at schools, at school districts, at school systems, and even at countries. It can serve the purpose of certification and accreditation, the purpose of diagnosis and improvement, or it can support accountability. It can take the form of an examination system, a pupil monitoring system, a school evaluation system, or a national assessment. Educational assessment and evaluation are based on several data sources, such as the data from achievement and ability tests, students’ and parents’ background variables, such as socio-economic status, intelligence or cultural capital, school variables, and features of the schooling system.
