ABSTRACT
World-systems theory-in at least its Marxist variant-offers a similar portrait of stratified economic and cultural relations among core, semiperipheral, and peripheral areas, both internationally and intranationally. Attention has been given to the role played in dependent or peripheral nations by elites, whose collaboration or mediation helps ro (re)produce their own nation's subordination while enhancing their own power and material and symbolic resources in relation to other citizens. The part played in neocolonial contexts by the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, bilateral aid agencies, multinational corporations, philanthropic foundations, publishing houses, and universities has also been the focus of critique.
