ABSTRACT
Introduction Similar to other personality assessment techniques, the Th ematic Apperception Test (TAT; Murray, 1943), Early Memory Protocol (EM; Adler, 1931), and Hand Test (HT; Wagner, 1983) are widely used in clinical and research settings as methods for understanding complex patterns of thoughts, feelings, and defenses. Moreover, these performance-based measures are sensitive to revealing information not readily accessed with other assessment methods, and oft en provide information about a person’s approach to interpersonal events, underlying psychopathology, and overt behavior. Th is chapter off ers an evaluation of each of these measures (TAT, EM, HT) with emphasis placed on describing their clinical application and utility. Th e information supplied in this chapter should help you answer the following questions:
1. Are performance-based personality assessment techniques such as the TAT, EM, and HT valid measures of psychopathology and individual personality functioning?
