ABSTRACT

This text examines the use of images in journalistic contexts and the manipulation of these images to accomplish varying objectives. It provides a framework for critical discussion among professionals, educators, students, and concerned consumers of newspapers, magazines, online journals, and other nonfiction media. It also offers a method of assessing the ethics of mass-media photos, which will help visual journalists to embrace new technologies while preserving their credibility.

Phototruth or Photofiction? also:
*recounts the invention of photography and how it came to be accorded an extraordinary degree of trust;
*details how photos were staged, painted, composited and otherwise faked, long before digital technology;
*lists contemporary image-altering products and practices;
*details many examples of manipulated images in nonfiction media and lists rationales offered in defense of them;
*explains how current ethical principles have been derived;
*lays groundwork for an ethical protocol by explaining conventions of taking, processing, and publishing journalistic photos; and
*offers tests for assessing the appropriateness of altered images in non-fiction media.

Each chapter is followed by "Explorations" designed to facilitate classroom discussion and to integrate into those interactions the students' own perceptions and experiences. The book is intended for students and others interested in the manipulation of images.

part I|24 pages

A History of “Phototruth”

chapter 1|12 pages

“A Picture of Reality”

Qualified Objectivity in Visual Journalism

chapter 2|10 pages

Old-Fashioned Fakery

Photo Manipulation in the Pre-Digital Era

part II|41 pages

Implications of the New Digital Age

chapter 3|14 pages

The Digital Media Landscape

Liquid Imagery, Shaky Credibility

chapter 4|14 pages

The New Threat

Digital Deception and the Loss of Faith

chapter 5|12 pages

Rationales and Excuses

Justifying Staged and Manipulated Photos

part III|41 pages

Groundwork: Toward a Protocol

chapter 6|10 pages

Ethical Foundations

Doing the Right Thing

chapter 7|14 pages

Taking Journalistic Photographs

Traditions and Techniques

chapter 8|8 pages

Processing Journalistic Photographs

Keeping It Real

chapter 9|8 pages

Publishing Journalistic Photographs

Context and Viewer Preconceptions

part IV|102 pages

Developing a Protocol

chapter 10|16 pages

The “Nonfiction Photographic Environment”

A Range of Implied Authenticity

chapter 11|6 pages

Introducing the Reader's “Qualified Expectation of Reality”

The Quote Standard

chapter 12|8 pages

Previewing the Guidelines for Photo Assessment

Defining “Photofiction”

chapter 13|8 pages

Photofiction Tests 1 and 2

The Viewfinder and Nonfiction Photography's Process Tests

chapter 14|14 pages

Photofiction Tests 3 and 4

The Technical Credibility and Obvious Implausibility Tests

chapter 15|8 pages

The Wording of a Disclosure

chapter 16|10 pages

The Prominence of a Disclosure

Test 5: The “Essence of the Image”

chapter 17|10 pages

Cosmetic Retouching

Skin Deep?

chapter 18|8 pages

Applying the Guidelines

Case Studies

chapter 19|6 pages

Journalistic Photography Online

A Possible Future

chapter 20|7 pages

A Fragile Fortress of Credibility