ABSTRACT
A person’s representation of the environment, or cognitive map, is derived from two sources: from direct experience (e.g., by moving through an environment) or from indirect experience of the environment (e.g., from maps). There will be contexts in which direct experience is the predominant source, for instance, a person who has lived in and traveled through the same town all their lives may only refer to a map to find a particularly obscure place. In other contexts, both direct and indirect knowledge will be important-for example, when visiting a new city for the first time, most people would use a map or a guidebook.
