ABSTRACT

As Carroll figured out well over 100 years ago, and as readers of this volume will discover, time is of the essence. This is especially true when it comes to teaching all of America’s children to be literate in the technological world of the 21st century, because all children, including those with disabilities, must now participate in the high-stakes assessment that states and school districts use to authenticate educational achievement. Standards-based educational reform efforts require that states and local school systems be held accountable for the learning of all children.