ABSTRACT
II. The principles of offi ce hierarchy and of channels of appeal (Instanzenzug) stipulate a clearly established system of super-and subordination in which there is a supervision of the lower offi ces by the higher ones. Such a system offers the governed the possibility of appealing, in a precisely regulated manner, the decision of a lower offi ce to the corresponding superior authority. With the full development of the bureaucratic type, the offi ce hierarchy is monocratically organized. The principle of hierarchical offi ce authority is found in all bureaucratic structures: in state and ecclesiastical structures as well as in large party organizations and private enterprises. It does not matter for the character of bureaucracy whether its authority is called “private” or “public.”
