ahādīth] This Arabic word has a large number itself. The subject matter and range of the hadīth (matn) and may conclude with a moral. Hadīths and their isnāds have been subjected to a wide range of A basic one is to classify the hadīth under sahīh (q.v.), The two most famous hadīth nabawī, meaning

Hafsa bint 'Umar b. al-Khattāb (died 45/665 but other dates are given) A wife of the Prophet Muhammad and daughter of the 2nd caliph, 'Umar b. al-Khattāb (q.v.). She is particularly important in the traditional history of the collection of the Qur'ān in the caliphate of 'Uthmān b. 'Affān (q.v.) since she was the guardian of some of the earliest sheets of Qur'ānic text. These sheets were utilized by 'Uthmān's committee and then returned to Hafsa. (See Zayd b. Thābit )

Hafsids The Banū Hafs, to give them their Arabic name, were a mediaeval Islamic dynasty which flourished between 625/1228 and 982/1574 in Tunis (q.v.). The dynasty gained its name from a companion of the Almohad Ibn Tūmart, called Abu Hafs 'Umar b. Yahyā al-Hintātī. Early Hafsid rule brought a period of peace and tranquillity to Hafsid Ifrīqiya. The ruler al-Mustansir (reg. 647/1249-675/1277) concluded a treaty with the Crusaders who had been led by St. Louis; the latter died in Carthage in 669/ 1270. On al-Mustansir's death the period of tranquillity came to an end. The early Hafsids were Almohad in orientation but the Mālikī madhhab (q.v.) was allowed to flourish. (See Almohads; Crusades; Mālikīs.)

al-Hajar al-Aswad (Ar.) 'The Black Stone', set in the Ka'ba (q.v.); those pilgrims near enough to it will attempt to kiss the Black Stone during their circumambulation (tawāf (q.v.) ) of the Ka'ba during the Islamic pilgrimage. Tradition associates the stone with Ādam (q.v.) and Ibrahim (q.v.). (See Hajj; Qarāmita.)

Hajj (Ar.) [pl. hajjāt] Pilgrimage. This is one of the five arkān (q.v.) or Pillars of Islam. All Muslims, provided a number of conditions including good health and financial ability are present, have a duty to make a pilgrimage to Mecca (q.v.) at least once in their lifetimes. This major pilgrimage must be made in the Month of Pilgrimage (Dhū 'I-Hijja (q.v.)), the last month of the

Hajj Muslim lunar calendar, between the 8th day of the month and the 12th or 13th. (A minor pilgrimage to Mecca, which does not count towards fulfilment of the religious duty and is called in Arabic an 'umra, may be made at any time and requires less ceremonial.) Before arrival in Mecca the pilgrim dons white garments and is then in a state of ihrām (q.v.) or ritual consecration during which he or she will abstain from sexual intercourse, perfume, the wearing of sewn garments and the cutting of hair and nails. A number of ritual ceremonies are undertaken in Mecca including a sevenfold circumabulation (tawāf (q.v.)) of the Ka'ba (q.v.) and a sevenfold 'running' between al-Safā (q.v.) and al-Marwa (q.v.). On the 9th day of the month of Dhū '1-Hijja occurs the standing (wuqūf (q.v.) ) in the Plain of 'Arafa (q.v.) outside Mecca. This is an essential part of the pilgrimage and if it is omitted, the pilgrimage is considered invalid. Prayers are said at 'Arafa and pilgrims listen to a sermon. On the 10th of Dhū 'I-Hijja pilgrims sacrifice an animal at Minā (q.v.), imitating the projected sacrifice by Ibrāhīm (q.v.) of Ismā'īl (q.v.), and this day constitutes one of the great feast days of the Muslim calendar, 'Īd al-Adhā (q.v.). Not all the ceremonies of the pilgrimage have been described here in this necessarily brief entry but the above will indicate the profoundly moving nature of the whole experience of the Hqjj. After the pilgrimage proper, pilgrims frequently include a visit to the tomb of the Prophet Muhammad at Medina (q.v.). The Qur'ān provides a considerable amount of detail about the pilgrimage, especially in vv. 196-200 of Sūrat al-Baqara (q.v.) and vv.26-30 of Sūrat al-Hajj (q.v.). Those who undertake the pilgrimage are entitled to bear the honorific title hājj, expressed more colloquially as hājj or hāggī. Most introductory books on Islam provide an account of the pilgrimage and its ceremonies. For a full account, which also covers the social aspects, see the article by Wensinck, Jomier and Lewis in vol. 3 of the new 2nd edn. of The Encyclopaedia of Islam (s.v. Hadjdj) (see the back of this Dictionary for full bibliographical details). (See also alJamra; Mahmil; Mīqāt; Mutawwif; Muzdalifa; Sa'y.) 92

al-Hajj

al-Hajj (Ar.) The title of the 22nd sura of the Qur'ān; it means 'The Pilgrimage'. The sūra belongs to the Medinan period and has 78 verses. The sura is so-called because vv.26-30 provide instruction about the pilgrimage. The sura begins with warnings about the Day of Judgement, describes the progress of man from a speck of dust to old age, and promises Hell for the disbelievers but the joys of Paradise for the believers. Muhammad had come as a clear warner (nadhīr mubīn). {See Hajj; al-Janna; al-Nār.)

Hajj al-Wadā' (Ar.) 'The Pilgrimage of Farwell', undertaken and led by the Prophet Muhammad himself to Mecca (q.v.) in 10/632, which became a model for future pilgrimages. {See Ghadīr al-Khumm.)

al-Hākim Bi-Amr Allāh (375/985-411/1021) The 6th caliph of the dynasty of the Fātimids (q.v.) in Egypt, who succeeded his father at the age of eleven in 386/996. Al-Hākim's was a strange and, some believe, fanatical reign. He gained a reputation for madness which a few scholars have claimed was undeserved. Among his many edicts were laws enacted against the Jews and Christians and a ban on the popular Egyptian food mulūkhiyya. On one infamous occasion he also ordered his troops to burn alFustāt (q.v.). Towards the end of his life he came, or was led, to believe that he was divine. He disappeared in the Cairene Muqattam Hills in 411/1021 where he was probably murdered. The Mosque of al-Hākim in Cairo (q.v.) has been much restored. (See Dhimmī; Druze.)

Halab See Aleppo.