of Sūrat al-An'ām (q.v.) in the 'Ushr was a Muslim-owned property and land and, as such, is to the Umayya (q.v.) family and was : Qur'ān has been interpreted as referring to tithing. tithing tax on be distinguished from kharāj (q.v.) and jizya (q.v.), both taxes on non-Muslims. With time, the real distinction between such taxes as 'ushr and kharāj often became confused. (See also

doi:10.4324/9780203986158-86

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of Sūrat al-An'ām (q.v.) in the 'Ushr was a Muslim-owned property and land and, as such, is to the Umayya (q.v.) family and was

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ABSTRACT

Medina (q.v.) in 35/656. He was, at various times, married to two of the daughters of the Prophet Muhammad: Ruqayya (q.v.) and Umm Kulthūm (q.v.). (See Rāshidūn; Shūrā; Zayd b. Thābit )

'Uthmān dan Fodio (1167/1754-1232/1817) Born in Gobir, West Africa, and initiated into the Qādiriyya (q.v.), he began to preach and write in early adulthood and incurred the displeasure of the King of Gobir. 'Uthmān and his followers made a hifra (q.v.) to the borders of Gobir. The former waged a jihad (q.v.), the Gobir capital fell and a reformed Islam spread through the lands of the Hausa. However, it was an Islam characterized by adherence to the legalism of the Mālikīs (q.v.). Theologically, 'Uthmān's views sometimes have something in common with the Murji'a (q.v.). (See Wahhābīs.)

'Uzayr Ezra. He is mentioned once in the Qur'ān in v.30 of Sūrat al-Tawba (q.v.), the beginning of which reads: 'The Jews said " 'Uzayr is the son of God" and the Christians said "The Messiah is the son of God". That is what they say with their mouths.'