ABSTRACT

While terrorism has existed throughout history, it has become more salient in recent years. The attacks in the United States (US) on September 11, 2001, killed more than 3000 people from a total of 78 countries ( U.S. Department of State, 2002, p. v), and demonstrated the ubiquity and immediacy of terrorism on a global level. This event altered the attitudes and outlook of people worldwide and contributed to a decline in the global economy (e.g., European Commission, 2001). It affected the long-term fortunes of entire industries, such as aviation, tourism, and retailing. Global economic recession deepened and buyer demand declined. For the first time in decades, the growth of global trade dipped below the growth of domestic economies (Czinkota, 2002).