ABSTRACT
As far as the Middle East is concerned, the only area of European nineteenth-century agricultural settlement to be found within the confines of the Ottoman Empire was in Palestine, where a small number of Russian and east European Jews began working the land in the 1870s. However, if we include North Africa, we reach a much wider range of settler experience in the three French protectorates/colonies of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco and then followed, after World War I, by the Italian colonization effort in Libya.
