ABSTRACT

Cities are both sites of incredible ethnic, racial, and cultural differences and social and economic power - the latter, concerned with risks of social disorder, tends to control and shape the former. While certain forms of control and regulation, such as zoning laws, are obvious, others are not. In recent decades, municipal leaders, business owners, planners, and city elites have developed innovative physical and administrative ways to regulate people and places. Regulation, as the readings in the first half of this section attest, raises concerns among many urbanists, as certain populations are systematically denied access to areas within the city and, consequently, full participation in civil society.