Higher education institutions

Although corruption in education has precedents spanning hundreds of years, ² global attention to it did not begin until the 1990s. Over the next decade this attention expanded from definitions and questions as to how common it was ³ to include the differences in the nature of corruption in different parts of the world, ranging from financial corruption and student plagiarism to sexual violence. ⁴ Once these elements had been mapped, the next set of issues concerned the degree to which it might affect an economy and labour market prospects, ⁵ and the degree to which it might be ameliorated through policy reforms. ⁶