ABSTRACT
Payments for environmental services (PES) schemes have received much attention as potentially cost-effective and equitable means to yield environmental benefits, nested in forestry (Pagiola et al. 2002; Landell-Mills and Porras 2002) and agriculture (FAO, 2007; Ribaudo et al. 2010). PES schemes are voluntary and conditional (cash or in-kind) transfers from at least one buyer to minimum one seller, aimed at increasing environmental service (ES) provision, relative to a given baseline (Wunder, 2007). For mitigation purposes, PES have the advantage of being performancefocused, thus easing links to carbon markets and specific mitigation targets.
