ABSTRACT
This chapter considers how different a policy scenario appears from the ship operators’ perspective when calculated as a life-cycle cost, and from the policymakers’ perspective when considered as policy cost-effectiveness. In addition, ship emissions that occur in remote ocean areas contribute to global climate change. The mechanisms and magnitude of these global effects are still being researched, but we know, for example, that ship emissions increase the brightness and lifetime of clouds, that sulfur emissions from ships are comparable to biogenic sources of sulfur, and that emissions of nitrogen oxides and the resulting tropospheric ozone pollution can affect global climate. Combustion in a compression-ignition engine results from autoignition at high temperatures and pressures; in spark-ignition engines, external energy from a spark begins the combustion process. An aftercooler, between the turbocharger and the engine, increases the intake air density and lowers the temperature of the charge air.
