ABSTRACT
Many parts of Africa have been and continue to be in the second of the three stages identified in Chapter 6, when land is becoming scarcer and agroecological methods of improvement become more worthwhile. In these circumstances, such methods can contribute to a substantial rise in output and welfare, partly because land formerly under scrub woodland and rough pasture is put into cultivation, and partly through the adoption of methods that lead to higher output per hectare. However, for such intensification there need to be incentives and rewards for hard work and enterprise, plus access to markets where farm goods can be sold.
