ABSTRACT
In November 2008, the financial capital of India, Mumbai, was struck by terrorists whom the Indian (as well as American and British) intelligence later confirmed had received extensive training from the Pakistan-based group, Lashkar-e-Toiba (Army of the Pure). Given the sophistication of planning and execution involved, it became apparent that this commando-style operation had the possible involvement of another state. As physical evidence mounted in terms of satellite phone calls, equipments, and boats used for the attack, Pakistan’s hand was seen in the operation. Although India conceded that the newly installed civilian administration in Islamabad of Asif Ali Zardari was probably not behind the attacks, the army and Inter-Services Intelligence, Pakistan’s principal intelligence agency, were seen as the main culprit.1
