ABSTRACT
THE MAJOR POLITICAL and social issues of the new constitutional era called the Meşrutiyet and opened by the Revolution of 1908 were predictable from the differences among the Young Turk factions and the three schools of thought that were crystallizing in the years before 1908. In preparation for the discussion of the controversies and secular achievements of the Meşrutiyet (1908–18), we shall consider here the conditions affecting the reform policies, together with the identities of the three Turkish schools of thought.
