ABSTRACT
Having traced the spread of Rangaku during the Tokugawa Period from its beginnings among the interpreters to its development at Edo in the late eighteenth century and through the establishment of the Translation Bureau in the early nineteenth century, it is now necessary to consider two important phenomena in the decades just prior to the arrival of Perry. These are the rise of Western learning in the various han and the study of European scholarship in a number of private schools. This chapter will be devoted to the former phase and the next to the latter.
