ABSTRACT
Chlorine is a common disinfectant used in drinking water distribution systems to ensure customers receive safe, pathogen free drinking water. However, the disinfection potential of chlorine is reduced as water travels through the distribution system interacting with the physical, chemical and biological environment (Powell et al., 2000). To ensure satisfactory chlorine levels at the extremities of the distribution system, dosing of chlorine at the start of the system may need to be high. However, research has shown that high chlorine levels can result in taste and odour problems (Tansley & Brammer, 1993) or possible health problems (Chlorine Chemistry Council 1997), caused by excessive disinfection by-products. Therefore, monitoring and controlling the levels of chlorine within the distribution system is an important area for the water industry. To achieve the necessary disinfection control as the water flows from the outlet of the water treatment plant (usual location for post-treatment chlorine dosing) to the customer taps, whilst also satisfying aesthetic control and minimising disinfection by-products, advanced techniques are necessary in order to predict, monitor and control the chlorine levels within the distribution system. One such technique consists of using optimal scheduling models.
