ABSTRACT
First Published in 1994. The Survey of English Dialects (SED) is the only detailed nation-wide dialect survey which has ever been conducted in England. The SED is a unique repository of data on the traditional dialects of England in the mid-twentieth century. This remarkable record is a valuable resource for scholars in the fields of British English dialectology, sociolinguistics, and English historical linguistics. The SED fieldwork was undertaken in predominantly rural communities in England in the middle of the twentieth century, at a time when social, domestic and working life was undergoing very significant changes. The SED is thus a record of speech which reflects a society different in many ways from today, and as such affords the possibility of comparison which is instructive to those engaged in all types of study of linguistics today.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
chapter xl|92 pages
] He Wo, grandad 0 So Ha, gJondad Wo
graip n a MUCK-FORK 1.3.13. gHe:p Nb, gJe:p Nb, grandfa n a GRANDFATHER VIII.1.7(a). Du, gJCip Cu grake adj DRY, describing a cow with no milk grandfather 1. n [Show a picture
chapter |143 pages
K, bai mis W, b i W; my own self mai oun s myself,
lf He Co, bai mis łf 111.10.3(a). Nth Hu K, boi mis lf W, b i mis lf Ess, b muzzle ROOT, miself Ess, b i mis lf Mon Gl, bi mis ulf Brk, ground snout III.9.2. m zl Sa, m zł D, bi mis Sr Sx, b i mis uf Ess Sx, bi miz lf So W D Do Ha, bai miz lf D, boi moiz lf złan Co, -ing m złan Co, -ing m zlin Co, -ing Gl, bi misałf O, bi miz łf So D, bi miz
chapter |22 pages
W, zu w
not hanging straight IX.1.3. sw ntwe La, sw 2. n a vertical rod in front of a cart, perforated to allow adjustments when tipping. S Wa, s swint-way s St Wo Wa, s d St, s Sa Wa O, z So, harrowing a field IX.1.8. d Y, s Wo, z Do, s d Wa, so d u La, sw Ch, so d Ch, so d Mon, so Sa Wo Mon Gl,
chapter VIII|12 pages
8.10.
to prevent a cart from going backwards on a PROP/CHOCK I.11.2. t Y touser 1. n a working APRON V. 11.2(a). 2. n the FORELOCK of a horse III.4.8. Nb Cu Du We La Y Ch Db Sa St Wo Wa Nt L Lei R, 2. ai a decorative APRON V.l 1.2(b). tə ∫ə Co
chapter |2 pages
INTRODUCTION
The material in this Grammar consists of items of which do not often appear outside Yorkshire, a morphology and syntax recorded in the Survey of fairly large selection of these forms from the English Dialects that differ from their counterparts Incidental Material is included in order to Standard English, either in form in context supplement those found in responses to the two occurrence. ‘Morphology’ and ‘syntax’ are taken to questions (IX.8.6–7) designed to elucidate this
chapter |3 pages
Syntactical distribution NOUNS
IX.2.3 till sun goes down Y St L Brk D; IX.8.8 18 The [ð ] appears in IX.8.8 the tother (o other (one) Brk Sr K D Sx; V.6.6 in ov en Y Do; hus king hat is, historically, III.1.11 pick(ed)/cast/slip(ped) calf Nb Cu Du We double definite article Nb Sa St He Wo Wa Gl O La Y Ch St Wa Nt L Lei R Nth Hu C Sf Bk Bd Hrt Lei Nth C Sf Bk Bd Hr E M L Ess So W Co D Do; VII.5.1 What’s time K D Do t ss x o ; so a in th Furth Sx. The Incidental Material includes IX.2.3 at e er . er s o ‘ FORMATION OF THE PLURAL (singular shaff) Y Man Sa St He Wa Mon Lei Nth Bd Hrt Ess So Sr K Co; sharps ‘shafts’ Bk Bd Hrt Plural Ess So Co D Ha Sx; sharts ‘shafts’ Ess; II.6.3 sheafs Nb Cu La Y Ch Sa St He Wo Mon Gl L Sf Plurals formed by suffixing [ stems ending Bd Hrt Ess Sr Sx; III.6.1 sheeps Cu YL B rk; VI.5.6
chapter |2 pages
SOME FURTHER GRAMMATICAL POINTS ORM ON O OSS SS F ATI F THE P E IVE PLURAL NUMERALS
La Y; IX.8.7 this cow legs La Y Sr. The Incidental Material furnishes many more examples, including IM IX.8.6 my sister husband Y; mother mother ‘mother mother our Jack (a) Collective singular forms include IV.9.11 ’ wife Y; our Jack Mary our Jack s [wife who herring Nb Cu Du We La Y Ch Db Sa Wo Gl Nth CARDINAL O Nt Lei R Nth Hu Nf Sf Bk Bd Hrt Ess MxL So 41 In cardinal numbers above tw W Brk Sr K Co D Do Ha Sx. digit may precede the higher, as in VII. 1.12 VII. 1.12 TWENTY-ONE is expressed by a score one-and-twenty Nb Du Y Ch He L So. IM and one St. VII. 1.3/12 includes two-and-twenty Y Lei;
chapter |3 pages
PRONOUNS
PERSONAL 50 Unstressed forms of thou, thee, and ye are recorded following interrogative forms of verbs in First person VII.5.1 can you tell me the time?, VIII.2.8 how are you , VIII.3.7 do you remember?, VIII.8.6 48 NOMINATIVE SINGULAR: Unstressed forms why did you do that?, IX.7.2 are you married?,
chapter |1 pages
EMPHATIC RELATIVE DEMONSTRATIVE
IX. 10.4 THESE is expressed by these here Y Bk K Emphatic pron ded t IX D; thesen Sa; theasum W; they So Brk K D Do ouns recor g Incidental Material) includ Ha; theys Ess; thick Gl; thir Y; tho Nb Du. FIRST PERSON SINGULAR IX. 10.5 objective THOSE is expressed by they Gl u Du We yseln Bk Ess So W Brk Sr Co Do; they over there D Do; thick W Ha; thicky D; thore Y; thosen Sa. SECOND PERSON SINGULAR thysel Nb Cu Du
chapter |2 pages
INTERROGATIVE RECIPROCAL VERBS: REGULAR CONJUGATION
it/he Y Mon Nt Hu Sr; whose it be Wo Mon Gl; 65 NOMINATIVE VII.8.18 WHICH ONE? who it belongs Db. referring to apples is expressed by what one? W Do; whether? Du; whichy? Co D; whichy one? Co. IM VII. 1.1 includes whatten a one? ‘which one?’Du. 67 OBJECTIVE III. 13.6 ‘each other’ in FIGHT INFINITIVE Ha Sx; III.8.9 a-brimming ‘on heat’ (of a sow) Nb 69 In few i Cu Du We La Y Man Ch Db Sa St He Wo Wa Nt; a cases n on an sout ern Eng, the [-ı], e VII.6.26 and VIII.8.5 a-blowing St He Wo Wa infinitive en n .g. II. .11 an IM I.7.1 ddy d piggy Mon Gl O Nf Sf Ess MxL W Brk; ffl.1.2 ‘to te ’ Mon K; III. ‘to ve birth to piglets’ Co; IM III.3.7 vatchy hatch' a-dropping Nf Bd Brk; VIII.6.1 and IX.4.1 ‘to t a-going Wo Wa R Nth Nf Bd K; VIII.6.4 a-laking
chapter |1 pages
IMPERATIVE OHe Wo Gl O W Brk Ha Sx; III. 10.2/7 bulls VERBAL N UN PRESENT TENSE INDICATIVE Inflected forms Periphrastic forms
who/what/ZERO) look after the cows Nf Sf So W D; IM III.3.7 live Ess; VI. 14.14 her weareth 76 Recorded forms of the second person singular the trousers Co; III.1.12b she falls with final [s] imperative include VIII.3.3 sit thee/thyself/ Man; IM III.3.7 [kasız] ‘casts' Ch; IM V.7.7 thysen/you/y ourself down Nb Cu Du We La Y Ch sız] ‘costs’ Wo. Db Sa St He Wo Gl L Lei Bk Bd So W Ha; do ‘ee
chapter |1 pages
PAST TENSE INDICATIVE Inflected forms
We La Y Ch Db Sa St O Nt L Lei R Nth C Nf Sf Bk Bd Hrt Ess Brk K Sx. SEE VIII.2.5: first person singular sawed Sa; seed Inflec b Cu Du La Y Ch Db Sa St He Wo Wa Gl (also rms o t tense t elicited in responses in the foll ing, hich III.3.7 O) Nt L Lei Bd So W Brk K Co D Do Ha here oth ise Sx; see La Y O L Nth Hu C Nf Sf Bk Bd Ess MxL are t son s ar exce
chapter |1 pages
Periphrastic forms VERBS: ANOMALOUS CONJUGATIONS BE
83 IM IX.4.15 shows ‘used not to’ (i.e. was/were ples from W not accustomed to) expressed by didn’t used to Y es exam L Nf Sf Ess; hadn’t use(d) to Sa Wo Gl Lei Hu c nse s w sse Bd; hadna used to St. Compare also Never used e stem: a on- thing as they did to say it, had they? Wa. See also §133. ; a wear a . PRESENT TENSE INDICATIVE IX.7.71 AM etc., in which the pronoun is stressed, the verb unstressed: Positive: unstressed FIRST PERSON SINGULAR: I are Wo Wa Bk Bd 84 Unstressed forms of BE present in responses to Hrt Sr K; I be St He Wo Wa Mon Gl O Bk So K
chapter |1 pages
Negative: stressed Interrogative: stressed and unstressed Interrogative: unstressed Interrogative negative: stressed
THIRD PERSON SINGULAR FEMININE: be her? Bk W Brk; be she? Mon O Sx; bin her? Ch 87 The following are forms of BE present tense Sa; is he? Wo Brk K; is her? La Db Sa St He Wo negative, stressed, recorded at IX.7.10 If I said to Wa Mon Gl So W Brk Sr Co D Do Ha; is hoo? La Y Ch Db St; is shoo? Y. Compare also IM I.7.1 NOT etc: what time be it? Gl; VII.6.26 which road be the
chapter |1 pages
PAST TENSE INDICATIVE Positive: unstressed
So; are they not? Nb Cu Du We La; amma they? Sa; anna they? Ch Db St; aren’t them? Y; artna they? Db Sa; are no’ they? So; bain’t mun? Co; bain’t them? Gl So W Brk Co D Do Ha; binna 92 Unstressed forms of BE past tense recorded at Ch Sa St He W VIII.9.5 I WAS thirsty etc. include the following:
chapter C|1 pages
fir t y int g ti t d on ma or erro a ve: s resse PRESENT TENSE SUBJUNCTIVE
Co D Do Ha; were not they? Du; weren’t them? La Y Wa O Bk So W Sr D Ha Sx; wereno’ they? 93 The following are stressed forms of the Db Lei; weredn’t them? So W Do. confirmatory interrogative of BE past tense recorded at IX.7.61 was late WASN’T I? etc.: FIRST PERSON SINGULAR: wadn’t I? Y L Nth; wanna I? Ch Db Sa; wart I? St; werenad I? 94 The following are unstressed forms of BE Sa; PARTICIPLES THIRD PERSON SINGULAR MASCULINE: he 95 The present-participial form a-doing is recorded do Db Sa He Wo Wa Mon Gl O C Nf Sf Bk Bd Ess in IX.5.3 from St He Wo Wa Mon Gl O Nf Sf MxL So W Brk Sr K Co D Do Ha Sx; he don Sa; ss So W Brk Sr D he does [d z] He Ess W Brk Sr D Ha Sx; he doth [d ] D. Compare also IM III.3.7 Past-participial forms of DO in IX.5.6 include a-did that’s all as a stoat do Wo; th’only one as does
chapter |1 pages
Negative: stressed PAST TENSE Negative: unstressed Itg tiv t Interrogative: unstressed n erro a e: uns ressed CONDITIONAL
The foll ing t d form present does thee/thou Nb Cu Du We La Y Ch Db Sa He are s resse tense negative recorded at Wo Mon Gl O L So W Co D Do Ha; don you St; DOESN’T dost Ch Db Sa St Gl O So W Brk D; dost thou La Y Sa. Compare also VII.5.1 Dost know the time THIRD PERSON SINGULAR: he dinna of day? Wo; VIII.2.8 How dost feel? So Ha; How he disno’ Nb Cu; he disn’t Nb Cu Du dost get on? So.
chapter |1 pages
HAVE
PRESENT TENSE FIRST PERSON SINGULAR: I ain’t Wa Gl O Nt L Lei R Nth Hu C Nf Sf Bk Bd Hrt Ess MxL So Positive: stressed W Brk Sr K Co D Do Ha Sx; I ha St; I hain’t La Y; I ham’t St So; I han’t Y He Wo Mon Gl O C 106 The following are stressed forms of HAVE Bd So W Co D Do Ha Sx; I hanna Nb Cu Ch Db
chapter |1 pages
IMPERATIVE PRESENT TENSE PARTICIPLES PAST TENSE DARE MUST
Past participles recorded at IX.5.7 include a-gone 113 Form Brk; went Nb Du Man He Wo Wa Mon O; gan Nb s of the second person singular imperative of GO in VIII.7.9 Off YOU GO! incl gans Nb Cu Du Y; thou gangs La Y; thou goes We La Y Gl L; thou goest Ch Db Sa St; thee/thou go La W Brk Co; thee goes Co; thee dost go So PRESENT TENSE NEGATIVE PAST TENSE NEGATIVE 117 IX.4.17 includes the following forms of the 118 IX.4.18 includes the following forms of the third person singular present tense negative, (he) third person singular past tense (he) DURST NOT: DARE NOT: daredna Cu; daredn’t Cu Du We daredna Sa He; daredn’t Nb Cu Y He Wa Mon La Y Lei Nth Hu Bk; darena Nb Du Ch Db Sa St Gl Lei Nth; darena Ch Db Sa St; daren’t Du La
chapter |1 pages
SHALL WILL
121 The first want it Nb Cu Du We La Y L Nf Bk Brk; I doona person singular present tense of auxiliary SHALL in IX.4.1 SHALL want it Cu; I woona want it Nb. Db Wa Nt L Nth Nf Ess MxL; [s l] Y; [s ] Y; [st] 123 SHALL in stressed position in IX.4.2 I've La Y; [z] La Y.
chapter |1 pages
OUGHT USE ‘be accustomed’ VERB-REITERATION ADVERBS
132 The following are expressions for didn’t ought to have been doing La. In other SHOULDN’T HAVE in IX.4.9 I expect you as a cases OUGHT is conjugated with auxiliary HAVE as in hadn’t ought Gl L; hadna/hadn’t ought to forms that employ OUGHT rather than SHOULD: do St Wa Nf Bd; hadn’t ought to have done Wo Sometimes OUGHT is Wa O Lei Bd R Nth K Sx. Sometimes, too, conjugated with auxiliary
chapter |1 pages
PREPOSITIONS
BETWEEN 141 ‘What kind of a knife?’ at VII.8.16 is expressed by whatten knife? Nb Du. 137 BETWEEN (them) IX.2.11 is expressed by in atween, in between, in tween Nb Du We Y Ch He Wo Wa O Lei R Nth Nf Ess So W Brk K Co Ha
chapter |1 pages
TILL CONJUNCTIONS
OUGHT TO in IX.4.6 is expressed by ought Nt L 145 TILL in IX d by Ess W Ha Sx; and OUGHT TO HAVE helped in than Ch; tin Ch St; to Gl; while Nb La Y IX.4.7 by ought have helped Sa He Wo Mon Gl Nt L L t Ess B O; ought helped Db. SHOULDN’T HAVE done u r in IX.4.9 is expressed by oughtn’t have done So. 147 TO in expressions of time may be expressed by 146 TO itted in te ts in hich other prepositions, as shown in VII.5.3/5 (a) Nb Cu We La Y Ch Db Wo Wa Gl O Nt L Lei Nth 148 AND is times itted fro Bk Ess. some m contexts in which it would appear in the standard dialect, e.g. Other expressions for THAN are illustrated in IX.5.8 go see Y Compare also VIII. 1.21 older tin their wives La Ch; older till VIII.3.3 come sit thee down Y; VIII.5.8 go have their wives Ch; VI. 12.4 worse till mumps Ch Sa;
