ABSTRACT
In this chapter, the author develops an analytical framework identifying and categorizing the potential criminalizing effects of sanctions across place and time, and evaluates this framework through an in-depth examination of the case of Yugoslavia. He then briefly reviews the sanctions debate. The author traces the political economy of sanctions evasion in the Yugoslav case and its regional support structure in the 1992-1995 period. This is followed by an evaluation of the lifting and legacy of sanctions. For comparative leverage and to evaluate the applicability of the analytical framework beyond the FRY case, the author provides a limited extension of the analysis to other cases within and outside the Balkans (Croatia and Iraq). In Croatia, the presence of the arms embargo but the absence of comprehensive sanctions meant that criminalizing effects were substantial but more muted and narrowly confined than in the case of the FRY. The author points to the broader lessons for sanctions-related research and policy debates.
