ABSTRACT
This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts covered in the preceding chapters of this book. The book examines 13 different post-Communist countries and illuminates their development in key public administration areas such as administrative culture, corruption and ethics management, civil service and human resource management, and civil society since the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991. While there are many commonalities among the former Communist countries resulting from their Soviet past, there are also significant differences that have shaped their trajectories that began with the demise of the Soviet empire. The book explains why corruption persists in Russia, Russia's Communist past proved decisive in the early formation of corruption but its further persistence is a result of authoritarian political choices made by the Russian ruling elite at the end of the 1990s. Anticorruption measures have been used by the ruling regime to persecute (and prosecute) as well as discredit opposition members and keep them in check.
