ABSTRACT
"Denial" refers to the attempt to block all information channels by which an adversary could learn some truth, thus preventing him from reacting in a timely manner. This chapter discusses the denial of information of particular importance and focuses on special steps taken to deny particularly important pieces of information to an adversary. While "denial" and "deception" are separate terms that can be distinguished conceptually, they are closely intertwined in practice. Conversely, a strategic denial effort may well include some element of deception. With respect to wartime activity, strategic denial and deception efforts deal with the "strategic" or "operational" levels of warfare, rather than the tactical level. Using technical intelligence channels to pass false signals can be easier in some respects, but in others, harder, than using human intelligence channels. The sardonic definition of a diplomat as "an honest man sent abroad to lie for his country" strongly suggests that diplomatic channels can be used for deception.
