ABSTRACT
From the perspective of the intelligence customer, our truth-telling ability in intelligence is jeopardized by successful denial and deception conducted by foreign countries about whom can seek truthful information. Denial, as used here, refers to the actions and programs that foreign countries undertake to prevent us from succeeding in our most basic mission, namely the collection of secret information by secret means. Increasingly, the people need to look at the world of intelligence through the optic of denial and deception (D&D). The future effectiveness of US intelligence depends inordinately on the ability to understand and to counter foreign D&D. The other model of intelligence is clandestinity, which has to do with secrets and secrecy. Among intelligence professionals, there are two concepts of intelligence: one is related to information, the other to secrets. Intelligence obtained by clandestine means is both similar to and different from other information that US policymakers draw upon in their decision-making processes.
