ABSTRACT
A great difficulty in determining possible health risks associated with exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) is our lack of knowledge of what constitutes "dose" in this context. Most epidemiological studies of health effects have, as a measure of dose, used various forms of mean values of exposure, such as the time average of the magnetic field during 103a working day or a 24-h day. Most studies of residential exposure to magnetic fields and the risk of cancer have only assessed the residential exposure. Different phones have different designs of the antenna position and physical dimensions; for instance, dipole antenna or helical antenna. The authors of the Interphone study on brain tumor and mobile phone use did attempt to go further than just considering hours of use or years of use for the exposure assessment. Many experimental studies on both animals and eukaryotic cells have studied whether RF exposures at "nonthermal" levels can cause biological effects.
