ABSTRACT
Ceramic membranes have been widely used in industries for application in high temperatures and aggressive chemicals because of their high chemical and thermal stability. Polymeric membranes as well as ceramic membranes can be applied for the removal of dyes. Polymeric membranes have unique properties that make them ideal materials for use in water treatment. These properties include high contamination removal capacity, flexibility of operation, and availability of polymeric membrane materials. Ceramic-based membranes occupy an important position in the water and wastewater treatment industry because of their high chemical, thermal, and mechanical stability, which makes them suitable for use in harsh conditions such as corrosive and high-temperature environments. Membrane surface layer properties have a great impact on the material properties. These properties can be tailored by chemical or physical modification. Commercial ceramic membranes are typically made from metal oxides like alumina, zirconia, and/or titania. These materials generally possess a hydrophilic character due to the presence of surface hydroxyl (OH) groups.
