ABSTRACT

Introduction The Kurdish question has always been an intricate one for the international system of nation-states. As Kurdish minorities are spread throughout Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria, the issue cuts across existing borders within the Middle East. As a result of labour migration and refugee flows, a Kurdish minority and a Kurdish movement have evolved in Member States of the European Union. And as there has recently been protest directed at European institutions, the Kurdish movement may perform yet another leap beyond the confines of the nation-state – a Europeanization.