ABSTRACT
Introduction ........................................................................................................ 376 Defensible Space and the Concept of CPTED ................................................ 378 First-Generation CPTED .................................................................................. 379
Territoriality ................................................................................................... 380 Image Management ....................................................................................... 380 Legitimate Activity Support ......................................................................... 380 Target Hardening ........................................................................................... 381 Access Control ............................................................................................... 381 Surveillance .................................................................................................... 381
Geographical Juxtaposition ............................................................................... 381 Second-Generation CPTED ......................................................................... 382
Social Cohesion ......................................................................................... 382 Community Connectivity ........................................................................ 383 Community Culture ................................................................................. 383 Threshold Capacity ................................................................................... 383
CPTED on an International Scale .................................................................... 384 City Revitalization in South Korea .............................................................. 384 CPTED in Sub-Saharan Africa .................................................................... 385 Police Label Secure Housing in the Netherlands ...................................... 386
Crime Prevention through Urban Design and Planning (CP-UDP) .......... 389 Managing Expectations ..................................................................................... 391 Measuring and Evaluating CPTED Impacts ................................................... 393 Crime Displacement .......................................................................................... 394 Future Directions and Considerations for Taking CPTED Seriously ......... 394 Glossary of Terms .............................................................................................. 396 Discussion Questions ........................................................................................ 397 Suggested Reading ............................................................................................. 397 Recommended Web Links ................................................................................ 398 References ............................................................................................................ 399
Learning Outcomes After reading this chapter, you should understand
• The fundamental principles of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)
• The differences between first-and second-generation CPTED • The ways by which CPTED is implemented on an international scale • The challenges associated with measuring/evaluating the impact of
CPTED initiatives
The previous entries in this text set out something of the variety of responses to the challenge of preventing crime. The reader will recognize that there are several different approaches that one can take in this regard. Some will prefer, or otherwise focus on, increased efforts to manage known offenders, while some others will look to the strengthening of social structures to prevent children and youth from becoming offenders in the first place. It is common to hear calls for the criminal justice system to take crime problems more seriously. The basis of this notion of taking crime seriously often includes an admonishment or at least a firm prodding to start with addressing so-called root causes of crime, or to perhaps reap the crime rate dropping gains of focusing on repeat or “prolific” offenders. The following statement is from a 2008 Home Office (United Kingdom) document, the “Youth Crime Action Plan.” The statement is taken from the Minister’s Foreword to the planning document:
Both of these prevention objectives take the offender as the primary unit of focus. Much of the research and theorizing in criminology and sociology of crime tends to follow this general view: that offenses are committed by individuals and that these individuals require some form of correction, be it (re)training, therapy, or punishment. Our focus in this chapter takes the crime event as the central issue (an event that has spatial, temporal, and situational aspects) rather than as a case involving people (i.e., victims, offenders, witnesses, etc.). The distinction is an important one; once we (i.e., police, academics, or practitioners) begin to view crime as a complex setting, we can broaden our theoretical thinking about social and geographic settings, rather than limiting ourselves to people and their relation to the law (Brantingham and Brantingham 1984; Brantingham and Faust 1976). Environmental criminology is an example of one orientation that takes this wider view as a starting point for the study of crime events. Environmental criminology is primarily interested in the dynamic interaction between people and their surroundings (Rossmo 2000, p. 111). The use of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) as a tool for crime prevention focuses the influence of the built environment on human behavior and interaction. This chapter will provide an overview of the core CPTED principles and will examine the implementation of CPTED within an international context.
