ABSTRACT
Challenges to electoral integrity can occur at any stage of the electoral cycle, ranging from electoral laws that disenfranchise segments of the population, to unbalanced media coverage and unequal access to campaign resources, to more blatant bribery or vote-buying, voter intimidation or violence or a failure of candidates to accept the results of an election. This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the key concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. The book presents a set of actors that use particular strategies to manipulate elections, resulting in a variety of consequences. The type and strength of a regime also contribute to the types of consequences of malpractice. The book considers the actors involved in electoral malpractice, the strategies they use and the consequences that result in a variety of regime types. It demonstrates that elections remain under threat from a variety of actors, using different strategies to manipulate elections, in different types of political regimes.
