ABSTRACT
Biometrics are what we are and how we behave. Based on one’s biometric information, authentication can be achieved to guarantee the identity of a user or a service given a set of condence. Conventional biometric authentication has been studied and deployed in our daily lives using morphological analysis based on face, ngerprint, iris, and voice. In addition, it is possible to adopt additional biological modalities that have emerged recently, such as body odor and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and behavioral modalities such as gait and signature dynamics. In this chapter, emerging trends and new opportunities in biometrics are briey introduced and further details are discussed in the following chapters in detail. In Section 2.1, emerging unimodal biometrics are introduced in terms of dynamic signature analysis, hand geometry, retina, keystroke dynamics, gait, skin spectroscopy, vein pattern, DNA, body salinity, facial thermography, ear pattern, lip print, and body odor. In Section 2.2, emerging multimodal biometrics are introduced by discussing the fusion of various biometrics at dierent levels, such as sensor level, feature-extraction level, matching-score level, and decision level, and elaborating on applicable fusion scenarios for multimodal biometrics. In Section 2.3, new opportunities in biometrics are briey discussed as an introduction to the following chapters which will discuss more in detail about biometrics in
2.2.1.3 Matching-Score Level Fusion 49 2.2.1.4 Decision-Level Fusion 50
2.2.2 Applicable Fusion Scenarios for Multimodal Biometrics 50 2.2.2.1 Single Biometric Modality and Multiple Sensors 50 2.2.2.2 Single Biometric Modality and Multiple Classiers 50 2.2.2.3 Single Biometric Modality and Multiple Units 51 2.2.2.4 Multiple Biometric Modalities 51
2.2.3 Recent Developments in Multimodal Biometric Fusion 51 2.3 New Opportunities in Biometrics 52
2.3.1 Biometrics in Mobile Systems 52 2.3.2 Biometrics in Healthcare Systems 53 2.3.3 Biometrics in Social Networks 54 2.3.4 Biometrics in Gaming Technologies 55 2.3.5 Biometrics in Homeland Security 56
2.4 Conclusions 56 References 57
mobile systems, healthcare systems, social networks, gaming technologies, and homeland security. is chapter is concluded in Section 2.4.
