ABSTRACT
This chapter presents a framework for quantifying the burdens of ground transportation in urban settings that incorporates travel time, vehicle fuel, and pavement maintenance costs. Ground transportation is responsible for nearly 30" of the primary energy consumption and 27" of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in United States. Roadways are expensive to maintain, and so many exhibit condition ratings below their design values. In many urban areas, space is also constrained and a limiting factor in terms of enabling more mobility. The chapter considers the results in the context of adaptive roadway lane (re)configuration, such as converting curb parking to bicycle facilities, that many cities, including Washington, DC and New York City. In combining the separate models of pavement management, vehicle micro-simulation, and vehicle emissions computation, a hierarchy exists according to the sensitivity of one to another. A major challenge for urban areas around the world is to improve livability, which is often achieved by reducing reliance on automobile transport.
