ABSTRACT

CONTENTS 6.1 Voting in Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.2 Estonian National ID Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 6.3 The Internet Voting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

6.3.1 System Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.3.2 Normal System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.3.3 Auditing and Verification Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

6.4 Internet Voting Assumptions and Reception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.5 System Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

Estonia has one of the most established e-voting systems in the world. Internet voting — remote e-voting using the voter’s own equipment — was piloted in 2005 [377] (with the first real elections using e-voting being conducted the same year) and has been in use ever since. So far, the Estonian internet voting system has been used for the whole country in three sets of local elections, two European Parliament elections and three parliamentary elections [19].