ABSTRACT
Carbon nanocapsules (CNCs) with high electrical conductivity coupled with high surface area act as a great electrode material, able to catalyze oxygen reduction in fuel cells, batteries, and even supercapacitors effectively. The easy dispersion of CNCs without using thermally resistant surfactants makes CNCs good candidates for heat-transfer nanofluid. The active site on CNCs through functionalization allows a high degree of manipulation. Peptides are continually being sequenced for specific binding, which helps reduce biological side effects of peptide-conjugated CNCs. Combining methods of oxidation for functionalization and conjugation of biomolecules through surface modification, heparin-conjugated CNCs have been demonstrated to act as a drug delivery system in a diseased model of thromboembolism in mice. The heparin-conjugated CNC is a great example of a medical application of CNCs through multiple modifications of a carbon nanomaterial. Peptides, proteins, and other ligands can be conjugated onto nanocapsules from functional group activation to direct the characteristics of the nanoparticles.
