The development of embodied carbon emission benchmark model for purpose built offices in Malaysia

Over the years, greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions have been increasing in Malaysia. Previously, the total carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission from energy sector was 118,806 kiloton Per capita. Moreover, the buildings construction consume huge amount of natural resources and emitted million tons of carbon emission. Malaysia is one of the top 30 countries for carbon emission in the world. Therefore, this study determines carbon emission from the materials of office buildings and developed a carbon emission benchmark model for Malaysian office buildings. In addition, it is concluded that the office building which falls under 30,000m² have carbon emission values of (>3,000–9,999 tCO_2eq), with an average of approximately (0.340 tCO_2eq/m²), the office buildings with an area of (>30,000–50,000m²) have carbon emissions values of (10,000–19,999tCO_2eq), at an average value of (0.361 tCO_2eq/m²). While the office buildings with GFA (>50,000m²) have the highest carbon emission values of (20,000–29,000tCO_2eq) with an average of (0.373tCO_2eq/m²).