ABSTRACT
Endoscopy refers to the use of a telescope to directly visualize an internal structure or organ. It may be used in the evaluation of a patient with urological symptoms and demonstrate abnormalities such as malignancy, calculi, diverticula, or fistulae. Urethroscopy, cystoscopy, ureteroscopy, and renoscopy refer to endoscopy of the urethra, bladder, ureter, and kidney, respectively.
