ABSTRACT
This chapter aims at understanding concrete modalities of future-orientation in a wide range of forms as different modes of governance by expectations. It argues that governance of and governance by expectation reflexively relate to and build on each other; a dynamic which leads to governance patterns evolving over time. The chapter explains how both governance of and by expectations has evolved in the field of graphene, a field that emerged about a decade ago in the broader realm of nanotechnologies. In general, the concept of governance draws attention to the different modes or institutional rules of coordination among individuals, organisations, societal subsystems and states, ranging from hierarchical steering to networks, communities, associations, and market-like forms of coordination organised by both formal and informal rules. The chapter suggests that thinking of hypes as a hype wave rather than a cycle can be a fruitful shift inper-spective.
