ABSTRACT
Anovulation, especially if untreated, is associated with several short-, middle long-, and long-term health sequelae. WHO 1 and WHO 3 anovulatory states are characterized by hyopogonadism, and therefore, they cause hypo-estrogenism. Long-lasting underexposure to estrogens may lead, in these circumstances, to osteoporosis (i.e., decreased bone mineral density [BMD]), mood and cognitive disturbances, and sexual dysfunction as well as accelerated cardiovascular aging and subsequent cardiovascular disease and, if left untreated, a reduced life span. Similarly, since WHO 2 anovulation and especially PCOS are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome, these women also have an increased risk of develop type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and probably cardiovascular disease.
