ABSTRACT
Over the past half century, the Holocaust and genocide studies (HGS) community of scholars, policymakers, and activists has increased awareness of genocides and other forms of mass atrocity (GMAs) and developed new policies to prevent them. Potential genocides or other forms of mass atrocity by architects and perpetrators can now expect to be seen, called out, and potentially punished when they begin to plan and carry out a classic case of genocide or another form of mass atrocity; they thus have strong incentives to conduct subterranean atrocity. Data sources on atrocities against civilians have their flaws and limitations owing to coding protocols, missing information, and so on. Nevertheless, substantial changes in data trends sometimes emerge and such shifts often reveal new patterns of behavior. The HGS community will always need watchers of the sky, but twenty-first century GMA prevention will require more "watchers in the grass".
